Posts

LOCO SHED GOMOH

-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere grateful and profound gratitude to LOCO SHED ,GOMOH for providing an opportunity to undergo Vocational Training of 04 weeks in “ELECTRIC LOCO SHED, Gomoh, Jharkhand’’. I bear immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude and thanks to all the Employees of respective shops for their honest teaching, practical demonstration, guidance and suggestion in respective sections. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of staffs, who gave us the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials during our training period. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Locomotives 3. Syntaxs used in Loco 4. Components of Loco 5. Different Sections of Loco 6. Brake Rigging 7. Pantograph 8. Traction Converter 9. Working of Loco 10. Conclusion INTRODUCTION  The ISO-9001-2008 certified Electric Loco Shed, East Central Railway, Gomoh situated in Gomoh. ELECT...
Post a Comment
Read more

SURVEYING AND LABELLING

-
Image
              SURVEYING AND LABELLING 1.0  SURVEYING:- Surveying is a branch of civil engineering. Surveying is used to represent the general features of land in their proper relative positions. rom the measurements obtained by surveying, drawings are prepared, which may be in the form of a plan or a map. Surveying is defined as, "the process of toking measurements on the earth surface to determine the relative positions of different points upon it so that, the points may be represented on a plan or a mop Surveying deals with the measurements in horizontal plane 1.1 Purpose of surveying:- 1 To determine the relative positions of existing features of the ground. 2. To layout out mark position or proposed structure on ground. 3. To determine areas, volumes and other related quantities. 4. To prepare map of country and detailed locations of cities, towns, villages and major roads. 5. To prepare engineering plan in detail and section of va...
Post a Comment
Read more

LET'S SEE THAT THERMODYNAMICS NOTES PEOPLES

-
Image
THERMODYNAMICS:- When two system are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then the two system are also an thermal equilibrium with one another. * First low of thermodynamics:- The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertive.         | Phi s phi = phi s w    |  Phi--> closed integration / closed path.  S   --> Deltr.  Phi--> Heat.  W  --> Work done. The energy can neither be created to be destroyed through it can be transformed from on from to another.          | S phi-- SW= SE | E--> Energy * Second law of thermodynamics:- a.) Kelvin plank low/ statement:--> It is impossible to construct an engine work on a cycle process, whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy from a single thermal reservor ( tank) into an equivalent amount of work. i.e----> figure 1.1....                         ...
Post a Comment
Read more

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)

-
Image
                OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP) INTRODUCTION:- • An electrical amplifier is abbreviated as op-amp. • It is basically a multistage, very high gain , direct coupled, negative feedback amplifier that provides a stabilize v/g gain. •  It has high i/p impedance ( less than 100 Ohms) and has capability of amplifier signal having frequency raging from zero Hz to 1MHz. ie op-amp can be used to amplify dc as well as ac input signal. • An op-amp named as it was designed to perform mathematical operations such as summation subtraction, multiplication, differentiation and integration etc. • The other uses of op-amp are signal changing, scale changing, phase shifting, v/g regulation, along cputer operations, in instrumentation and control systems, oscillator , pulse generators square wave generators, triangular- wave genarator corporators along to digital and digital to a long converters (ADC & DAC); v/g to - current converters, curren...
Post a Comment
Read more

PARALLEL A.C CIRCUITS:- Notes

-
Image
                  PARALLEL A.C CIRCUITS  #INTRODUCTION:- • A parallel circuits of two or more series circuit connected in parallel across the same supply as illustrated in figure. a. • All these series circuits are called the branches of a parallel circuits. • Depending upon the way in which R,L and c are connected, we have a veriety of a.c parallel circuits. figure. a. • In this notes, we are going to study the analysis of such circuits. #SOLUTION OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS: • parallel a.c circuits can be solved by the following two basic methods: 1. Phasor method, 2. Admittance method. • Let us study these methods in the following sections. # PHASOR METHODS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS: • in this case ase each branch of the circuit is analysed separately aise circuit using phasor diagram in the same manner in which we have analysed circuit in the previous sections and then the effects of separate branches are combined.  ...
Post a Comment
Read more

INDUCTION TYPE INSTRUMENT- techmontra

-
Image
                  INDUCTION TYPE INSTRUMENT The ammeters which employ the induction effect as their mode of operation are suitable for A.C. measurements only. In the induction type ammeter the current to be measured is split-up into two parts. This is done by adopting suitable methods, producing a phase- shift of 90 between such two A Second method which produces necessary two fields out of phase with each other without splitting the current is by Shaded pole' system. It is shown in Fig. a1. he current to be measured is passed through the coil of an electromagnet, which has an air gap in one limb. Hal of each of the pole faces so formed is surrounded by a copper band. By transformer action thne two bands have currents induced in them, which cause the flux in that part of the iron so Surrounded, to be 45° or 50° out of phase with that in the 'unshaded' portion of the poles. The moving system is the copper or aluminium disc, pivoted with its pe...
Post a Comment
Read more

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ( CT, PT)

-
Image
   INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (CT, PT) The high voltages and very large currents met within A.C. systems has led to the adoption of instrument transformers. By their use voltages and currents are 'scaled-down' or stepped down to a level suitabie for handling by standardised types of instrument movement. They are suitable only for A.C. measurements. • They are classified as: (1.) Current transformers. (2.) Potential transformers. • The CT PT are known as instrument transformers because these are used with measuring instruments for measurement of electrical quantities or in other words these are used for metering. * Current Transformers: Construction_ For lower current ranges, square shaped or shell-type cores are generally used. Ring type cores are used or currents above about 100 amperes. The current carrying conductor (current to be measured) is passed through the central hole of the transformer core. The secondary is wound uniformly on the core, or in case of square and shell t...
Post a Comment
Read more

Hot wire instrument

-
Image
                    HOT WIRE INSTRUMENT MAIN PART:-   (1.) Platinum- irridium wire, 2. Thread, 3. Pulley, 4. Spring WORKING PRINCIPLE:- It works on the heating effect of current. WORKING:- As an ammeter it is connected in series of the circuit. The current to be measured is passed through the platinum- irridium wire. • The wire is stretched between two terminals. • To this fine wire one more wire is attached at one end and to the terminals at the other end. • A threat is attached to the second wire. • It's arrangement with pulley and spring is shown in figure (a.)      figure (a.)   Hot wire instrument DEFLECTION:-   When the current is passed through the fine wire due to heating effect      ( directly proportional to I^2 R) it gets heated and hence expands. • The sag of wire is magnified and hence expansion is taken- up by the spring. • This sets- up the motion of pulley. Pul...
Post a Comment
Read more