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Showing posts from January, 2022

LOCO SHED GOMOH

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere grateful and profound gratitude to LOCO SHED ,GOMOH for providing an opportunity to undergo Vocational Training of 04 weeks in “ELECTRIC LOCO SHED, Gomoh, Jharkhand’’. I bear immense pleasure in expressing my gratitude and thanks to all the Employees of respective shops for their honest teaching, practical demonstration, guidance and suggestion in respective sections. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of staffs, who gave us the permission to use all required equipment and the necessary materials during our training period. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Locomotives 3. Syntaxs used in Loco 4. Components of Loco 5. Different Sections of Loco 6. Brake Rigging 7. Pantograph 8. Traction Converter 9. Working of Loco 10. Conclusion INTRODUCTION  The ISO-9001-2008 certified Electric Loco Shed, East Central Railway, Gomoh situated in Gomoh. ELECT...
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MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

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MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETISM •A conductor carrying a Current is always surrounded all along its length by a magnetic field. This important relationship between magnetism and current electricity which was discovered by Oersted in 1820 forms the basis of electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is the branch of engineering dealing with the magnetic effects of an electric current In this chapter, we shall study certain fundamentals 'of electromagnetism with special emphasis on magnetic circuits principles. summarized below, as it is assumed that students are already familiar with them. 4.2 MAGNETISM AND ITS EFFECTS •Before we begin the study of electromagnetism, some of the common terms used in magnetism are briefly • Important Properties of a Magnet: 0 () When freely suspended by a piece of silk fibre, it sets itself in a definite direction so that its North pole It attracts small pieces of iron. points towards the North direction and the South pole points towards...
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INDUSTRIAL CONTROL BASIC

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Introduction Motor starters are one of the major inventions for motor control applications. As the name suggests, a starter is an  electrical device which controls the electrical power for starting a motor. These electrical devices are also used for  the purpose of stopping, reversing and protecting electric motors. The following are the two major components of a  starter: THE BEST ELECTRICAL CONTROLS BUSINESS ON THE PLANET! Unmatched Service | Superior Product Quality | Advantage Pricing Page 1 of 9 1. Contactor: The main function of the contactor is to control the electric current to the motor. A contactor can  make or break power to the circuit. 2. Overload Relay: Overheating and drawing too much current can cause the motor to burn out and become  practically useless. Overload relays prevent this from happening and protect the motor from any potential  danger. A starter is an assembly of these two components, which allows it to turn on or off an electric...
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Measurement 3rd semester

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Measurement I  Semester- 3rd L T P Full marks Theory 80 + 20 (100)  3 2 Full marks Practical 40 + 10 (50)  Subject Code : ELE304 01. Fundamentals of Measurement 4 Hr  1.1 Electrical signals and errors, their types 1.2 Desirable qualities of measuring instruments. 1.3 Various effects of electricity employed in measuring instruments. 1.4 Classification of measuring Instruments.  02. Measurement of Current and Voltage 9 Hr  2.1 Construction and principle of PMMC, MI, Dynamometer & induction type  instruments, Hot wire & electrostatic instruments.  2.2 Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multi-meter : analog and digital types 2.3 Range Extension of Ammeter and Voltmeter. 2.4 Instrument transformers (CT & PT), tongue tester, their use in extension of ranges  03. Measurement of Power 6 Hr  3.1 Principle and Construction of single phase & three phase dynamometer type  wattmeter.  3.2. Errors and their compensation.  3.3 Measureme...
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING aim of this blog is to introduce electrical engineering. The chapter is organized to provide the newcomer with a view of the different specialties making up electrical engineering and to place the intent and organization of the book into perspective. Perhaps the first question that surfaces in the mind of the student approaching the subject is, Why electrical engineering? Since this book is directed at a readership having a mix of engineering backgrounds (including electrical engineering), the question is well justified and deserves some discussion. The chapter begins by defining the various branches of electrical engi- neering, showing some of the interactions among them, and illustrating by means of a practical example how electrical engineering is intimately connected to many other engineering disciplines. In the second section, mechatronic systems engi- neering is introduced, with an explanation of how this book can lay the foundation for inte...
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D.C Analysis

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 DC analysis is one of the standard analyses that we can perform using PSpice. Other standard analyses include transient, AC, and Fourier. Under DC analysis, there are two kinds of simulation that PSpice can execute: DC nodal analysis and DC sweep. PSpice allows dc nodal analysis to be performed on sources with an attribute of the form DC value and provides the dc voltage at each node of the circuit and dc branch currents if required. To view dc node voltages and branch currents requires adding two kinds of additional parts, shown in Fig. D.11. The symbol VIEWPOINT is connected to each node at which the voltage is to be viewed, while the symbol IMPROVE is connected in the branch where the current is to be dis- played. This necessitates modifying the schematic. For example, let us consider placing voltage VIEWPOINTS and current IPROBES to the schematic in Fig. D.8(c). To add VIEWPOINTS, we take the follow- ing steps: 1. Click Draw/Get New Part (or type <Ctrl- G>). 2. Type VIEW...
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Measurement 3rd semester Diploma

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Measurement I  Semester- 3 rd L T P Full marks Theory 80 + 20 (100)  3 2 Full marks Practical 40 + 10 (50)  Subject Code : ELE304 01. Fundamentals of Measurement 4 Hr  1.1 Electrical signals and errors, their types 1.2 Desirable qualities of measuring instruments. 1.3 Various effects of electricity employed in measuring instruments. 1.4 Classification of measuring Instruments.  02. Measurement of Current and Voltage 9 Hr  2.1 Construction and principle of PMMC, MI, Dynamometer & induction type  instruments, Hot wire & electrostatic instruments.  2.2 Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multi-meter : analog and digital types 2.3 Range Extension of Ammeter and Voltmeter. 2.4 Instrument transformers (CT & PT), tongue tester, their use in extension of ranges  03. Measurement of Power 6 Hr  3.1 Principle and Construction of single phase & three phase dynamometer type  wattmeter.  3.2. Errors and their compensation.  3.3 Measurem...
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SURVEYING AND LABELLING

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              SURVEYING AND LABELLING 1.0  SURVEYING:- Surveying is a branch of civil engineering. Surveying is used to represent the general features of land in their proper relative positions. rom the measurements obtained by surveying, drawings are prepared, which may be in the form of a plan or a map. Surveying is defined as, "the process of toking measurements on the earth surface to determine the relative positions of different points upon it so that, the points may be represented on a plan or a mop Surveying deals with the measurements in horizontal plane 1.1 Purpose of surveying:- 1 To determine the relative positions of existing features of the ground. 2. To layout out mark position or proposed structure on ground. 3. To determine areas, volumes and other related quantities. 4. To prepare map of country and detailed locations of cities, towns, villages and major roads. 5. To prepare engineering plan in detail and section of va...
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LET'S SEE THAT THERMODYNAMICS NOTES PEOPLES

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THERMODYNAMICS:- When two system are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then the two system are also an thermal equilibrium with one another. * First low of thermodynamics:- The heat and mechanical work are mutually convertive.         | Phi s phi = phi s w    |  Phi--> closed integration / closed path.  S   --> Deltr.  Phi--> Heat.  W  --> Work done. The energy can neither be created to be destroyed through it can be transformed from on from to another.          | S phi-- SW= SE | E--> Energy * Second law of thermodynamics:- a.) Kelvin plank low/ statement:--> It is impossible to construct an engine work on a cycle process, whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy from a single thermal reservor ( tank) into an equivalent amount of work. i.e----> figure 1.1....                         ...
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP)

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                OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP) INTRODUCTION:- • An electrical amplifier is abbreviated as op-amp. • It is basically a multistage, very high gain , direct coupled, negative feedback amplifier that provides a stabilize v/g gain. •  It has high i/p impedance ( less than 100 Ohms) and has capability of amplifier signal having frequency raging from zero Hz to 1MHz. ie op-amp can be used to amplify dc as well as ac input signal. • An op-amp named as it was designed to perform mathematical operations such as summation subtraction, multiplication, differentiation and integration etc. • The other uses of op-amp are signal changing, scale changing, phase shifting, v/g regulation, along cputer operations, in instrumentation and control systems, oscillator , pulse generators square wave generators, triangular- wave genarator corporators along to digital and digital to a long converters (ADC & DAC); v/g to - current converters, curren...
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PARALLEL A.C CIRCUITS:- Notes

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                  PARALLEL A.C CIRCUITS  #INTRODUCTION:- • A parallel circuits of two or more series circuit connected in parallel across the same supply as illustrated in figure. a. • All these series circuits are called the branches of a parallel circuits. • Depending upon the way in which R,L and c are connected, we have a veriety of a.c parallel circuits. figure. a. • In this notes, we are going to study the analysis of such circuits. #SOLUTION OF PARALLEL CIRCUITS: • parallel a.c circuits can be solved by the following two basic methods: 1. Phasor method, 2. Admittance method. • Let us study these methods in the following sections. # PHASOR METHODS AND ITS APPLICATION TO PARALLEL CIRCUITS: • in this case ase each branch of the circuit is analysed separately aise circuit using phasor diagram in the same manner in which we have analysed circuit in the previous sections and then the effects of separate branches are combined.  ...
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INDUCTION TYPE INSTRUMENT- techmontra

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                  INDUCTION TYPE INSTRUMENT The ammeters which employ the induction effect as their mode of operation are suitable for A.C. measurements only. In the induction type ammeter the current to be measured is split-up into two parts. This is done by adopting suitable methods, producing a phase- shift of 90 between such two A Second method which produces necessary two fields out of phase with each other without splitting the current is by Shaded pole' system. It is shown in Fig. a1. he current to be measured is passed through the coil of an electromagnet, which has an air gap in one limb. Hal of each of the pole faces so formed is surrounded by a copper band. By transformer action thne two bands have currents induced in them, which cause the flux in that part of the iron so Surrounded, to be 45° or 50° out of phase with that in the 'unshaded' portion of the poles. The moving system is the copper or aluminium disc, pivoted with its pe...
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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS ( CT, PT)

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   INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS (CT, PT) The high voltages and very large currents met within A.C. systems has led to the adoption of instrument transformers. By their use voltages and currents are 'scaled-down' or stepped down to a level suitabie for handling by standardised types of instrument movement. They are suitable only for A.C. measurements. • They are classified as: (1.) Current transformers. (2.) Potential transformers. • The CT PT are known as instrument transformers because these are used with measuring instruments for measurement of electrical quantities or in other words these are used for metering. * Current Transformers: Construction_ For lower current ranges, square shaped or shell-type cores are generally used. Ring type cores are used or currents above about 100 amperes. The current carrying conductor (current to be measured) is passed through the central hole of the transformer core. The secondary is wound uniformly on the core, or in case of square and shell t...
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Hot wire instrument

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                    HOT WIRE INSTRUMENT MAIN PART:-   (1.) Platinum- irridium wire, 2. Thread, 3. Pulley, 4. Spring WORKING PRINCIPLE:- It works on the heating effect of current. WORKING:- As an ammeter it is connected in series of the circuit. The current to be measured is passed through the platinum- irridium wire. • The wire is stretched between two terminals. • To this fine wire one more wire is attached at one end and to the terminals at the other end. • A threat is attached to the second wire. • It's arrangement with pulley and spring is shown in figure (a.)      figure (a.)   Hot wire instrument DEFLECTION:-   When the current is passed through the fine wire due to heating effect      ( directly proportional to I^2 R) it gets heated and hence expands. • The sag of wire is magnified and hence expansion is taken- up by the spring. • This sets- up the motion of pulley. Pul...
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Moving iron instrument

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                   Moving iron instrument    • Most common form of ammeters or voltmeters for use in laboratory etc. Are moving iron type. They can be manufactured at cheaper cost and the required accuracy can be obtained. • There are two types of moving iron instruments. (1.) Attraction type (2.) Repulsion type (1.) Attraction type:  It consists of a fixed coil C of insulated copper wound on the bobbin and an iron disc D. The current to be measured ( or a current proportional to the voltage to be measured ) is passed through a coil of wire , the number of ampere turns are required for the operation of the instrument and this number can be made - up by having few turns and large current or vice versa depending upon whether it is a ammeter or voltmeter . In this form of instrument , a small piece of iron is drawn into the core of the coil when the current flows. Figure. (A) Whatever be the direction of the curre...
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Permanent Magnet Moving Coil

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Permanent Magnet Moving Coil:- *Advantages of permanent magnet moving coil instruments:- (1.) Very small power is required for its operation. Hence,  power consumption is very low. (2.) Torque to weight ratio of movie system is high. (3.) Scale is uniform and long scale is obtained. (4.) It can be used as a ammeter or voltmeter only by using external resistances. (5.) It is free from hysteresis error. (6.) Error due to stray magnetic field is negligible. (7.) Eddy current damping is used to without any extra damping mechanism. (8.) Strong operating magnetic field due to permanent magnet and iron core arrangement. * Disadvantages of permanent magnet moving coil instruments:- (1.) With time the strength of permanent magnets reduces, causing error in reading. (2.) Thermoelectric e.m.f may cause errors when it is used with shunts. (3.) Costly. (4.) Can be used on D.C only and not on A.C. This is because the direction of magnetic field due to permanent magnet is fixed. And if the direct...
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ZENER DIODE AND TRANSISTOR

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ZENER DIODE A zener diode is a special type of diode that is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region. An ordinary diode operated in this region will usually be destroyed due to excessive current. This is not the case for the zener diodA zener diode is heavily doped to reduce the reverse breakdown voltage. This causes a very thin depletion layer As a result, a zener diode has a sharp reverse breakdown voltage Vz This is clear from the reverse characteristic of zener diode that the reverse characteristic drops in an almost vertical manner at reverse voltage Vz As the curve reveals, two things happen when V is reached: The diode current increases rapidly. (i) The reverse voltage Vz across the diode remains almost constant. In other words, the zener diode operated in this region will have a relatively constant voltage across it, regardless of the value of current through the device. This permits the zener diode to be used as a volage regulator For detailed discussio...
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